時制、関係詞時制★未来完了時制の場合は「By the end of the year」「By next year」「By the end of the week」「By next week」ような「~までに」という意味の「By」で始まる語句が文頭にくることが多いです。 By the end of the week, a majority of the applicants will have finished a final interview. ★通常、「when」を使った疑問文では現在完了形は使いません。 ○When did you finish your breakfast? ×When have you finish your breakfast? 関係詞 ★カンマの直後には「which」がくるのが原則です。 The computer, which I bought five years ago, is now old-fashioned. ★前置詞の直後に、関係代名詞の「that」がくることはありません。基本は「前置詞 + which」、「前置詞 + whom」です。 Please describe a project for which you were the team leader. ★関係詞が疑問代名詞を修飾する場合は、関係代名詞の「that」が使われます。 Who that has common sense dare say such a thing? ★「all」「the only」「the first」などに先行詞が修飾されている場合は、関係代名詞の「that」が使われます。 All the pedestrians and vehicles that approach this place will be checked by the police. ★「前置詞 + 関係詞」の構文では、関係詞に「who」と「that」は使えません ○This is the room which I like. ○This is the room that I like. ○This is the room in which I sleep. ×This is the room in that I sleep. ×This is the room that I sleep. ★「たとえ~しても」という副詞の固まりを作る場合は「~ever」と「no matter~」を入れ替えできます。 ○Whatever you say to him, he won’t come to the party. ○No matter what you say to him, he won’t come to the party. ★「~するものは何でも」などの意味で名詞の固まりを作る場合は「~ever」のみ使われます。 ○You can do whatever you want to do. ×You can do no matter what you want to do. ★先行詞が場所を表す名詞の場合、「前置詞 + which」の代わりに「where」を使うことができます。 ○This is the restaurant in which I had dinner with my wife last night. ○This is the restaurant where I had dinner with my wife last night. ○This is the restaurant which I like most. ×This is the restaurant where I like most. ★「those」は「people」の意味で使われることがよくあります。 those who take the exam. 「その試験を受ける人々」 those present at the party. 「そのバーティに出席している人々」 |